Gould and Sutton tie together many areas domestic and foreign policy that constitute global threats to security, most of which issue from governments and the corporate world.

Key words: global issues, terrorism, bioterrorism, nuclear proliferation, human rights, international law

Brown documents the daily violence of a "normally" functioning world economic order arrayed against workers and communities worldwide. The essay reviews the recent record of globalization in undermining the fundamental human right of every working person to be able to return home at the end of the workday alive and healthy. As evidenced by the 3,330 workers around the world who die on the job every day, Brown details how the "global race to the bottom" affects developing and developed economies alike as transnational corporations roam the world looking for the lowest wages, the most vulnerable workforces, and the least regulation of environmental and occupational health. The essay also provides examples of promising nascent worker and community movements against the destructive effects of unfettered capital mobility, for which there are important supportive roles for U.S. health professionals to play.

Key words: globalization, health care, occupational health, workers' health and safety

Ladd and Edwards Community focus on health and environmental justice issues. The authors deal with health and other quality-of-life issues stemming from the recent expansion of corporate hog-raising in North Carolina and examine the history of community organizing and opposition to these moves. The North Carolina situation provides a revealing case study of the large and detrimental impact that "Confined Animal Feeding Operations" (CAFOs) have made on rural America and the extent to which community mobilization against CAFOs is becoming part of the wider protest against the corporate control of agriculture.

Key words: environment, corporate farming, environmental harm, social movements

Sarangi underscores the role of states and their institutions in subordinating worker and community health to the needs of global corporations. From his unique perspective as Managing Trustee of the Bhopal Clinic and Sambhavna Trust, Sarangi reflects on the toll of the disaster: over 20,000 fatalities; more than 30 survivors die each month; over 120,000 survivors desperately need medical attention for chronic exposure-induced diseases; thousands of families are on the brink of starvation because the breadwinners are dead or too sick to work; and over 20,000 people in the surrounding area must rely on water contaminated by chemicals that have leaked from the abandoned factory.

Key words: health care, occupational health, environmental crime, Bhopal disaster, social movements

Jamjoun explores issues of human rights and international law in the context of the Palestinian intifada. The article documents morbidity and mortality within the Palestinian community in the wake of Israeli violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, including disrespect for the principle of medical neutrality, the use of collective punishment measures against Palestinian civilians, and the use of excessive, disproportionate, and indiscriminate force to combat the Palestinian intifada. Israeli violations have resulted in the destruction of the Palestinian health system and the deterioration of health conditions of Palestinians. Jamjoun calls for "respect for international law and the presence of an international protection force to prevent a humanitarian crisis in the region," so as to provide a framework to protect the human rights of all people in the region.

Key words: Middle East, Intifada, Israel, Palestinian health conditions, human rights, international law

Lichterman and Cabasso demonstrate the dangers posed by the right-wing equation of collective security with militarism. The authors document evolving doctrines and weapons programs, many incubated in the pre-September 11 period. Special attention is given to the 2002 Nuclear Posture Review (NPR), which amounts to an unequivocal rejection by the U.S. of most of the steps it committed to just two years earlier, as well as of nuclear disarmament itself. The entire thrust of the NPR is not to make weapons reductions "irreversible," but rather to assure for decades to come that an enormous force of nuclear warheads and delivery systems can be reconstituted, and that new and improved nuclear weapons can be produced. Thus, prospects for a new era of cooperative global security have been replaced by the reality of an increasingly unilateral and aggressive U.S. foreign policy, in which the potential use of nuclear weapons is again becoming "thinkable." Moreover, U.S. behavior in the international arena is eroding the network of security treaties that has helped to stem the spread of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons, thus contributing to the creation of conditions that threaten to spark new arms races. Non-proliferation of nuclear weapons should be combined with the demand by non-nuclear-weapons states for commitments from the nuclear-weapons states, including the principle of irreversibility as applied to nuclear disarmament and related arms-control and reduction measures, as well as an unequivocal undertaking to accomplish the total elimination of the nuclear arsenal.

Key words: arms control, nuclear weapons, disarmament, arms race -- Bush administration, Nuclear Posture Review, nuclear non-proliferation

Garfield examines political and humanitarian problems in approaches to sanctions and war. The article describes how economic sanctions, which as a matter of policy eschew the direct use of deadly force, still cause a disproportionate and deadly impact on the most unfortunate and powerless within targeted societies. By comparing and contrasting the design and effects of sanctions in countries such as Iraq, Cuba, and Haiti, the author raises questions for the world community to consider when summoned to support alleged "non-lethal" methods of interstate coercion. He describes how sanctions lead to widespread impoverishment of civilians while leaving supposedly targeted leadership groups more firmly in control than before. The article raises a central question: When carrying out globally sanctioned methods of coercion short of outright warfare, how can state compliance with norms of international law and behavior, including a respect for human rights, be encouraged? It suggests that sanctions-related damages could be reduced by improving the selection of what to sanction, the ways in which they are implemented, the goals for policy change, and the protections against widespread unintended impacts.

Key words: economic sanctions, humanitarianism, human rights, Cuba, Iraq, Haiti

Sidel and Levy point to the limitations of even appropriate treatment of disease when de-linked from primary prevention strategies that address the full range of challenges to biosecurity. Disease prevention is inextricably connected to the promotion of health-protective practices on a global scale. Thus, the authors conclude that a comprehensive strategy for biosecurity requires addressing core issues of hunger, poverty, housing, clean water, sanitation, etc. The view of global security promoted by Sidel and Levy includes two components: "human security" and "international security." The authors proceed from use of the term "human security" by the United Nations Development Program to include "protection from the threat of disease, hunger, unemployment, crime, social conflict, political repression, and environmental hazards." They couple human security with "international security," which encompasses the prevention of war and the right of all nations to live in peace. This constitutes an alternative vision to the proposals on biosecurity the George W. Bush administration has pursued regarding "Homeland Security." Such proposals rest on the assumption that the United States can create a perpetually safe haven within its own borders. Underscoring the fundamental flaws in this supposition are the facts that humans live in an increasingly interconnected world with finite resources, have no "backyard" in which to place an ever-burgeoning toxic waste-stream, and have actively ensured the dispersal of the capabilities to institute global violence from a variety of increasingly lethal technologies. Consistent with its potentially fatal assumption, when the U.S. has dealt at all with impending threats facing its own population, such as those from biological agents, it has chosen reactive preparedness strategies that benefit the high-tech edge of the evolving "military-industrial complex," rather than addressing more fundamental, "primary" forms of prevention that are central to good public health practices.

Key words: terrorism, public health, biosecurity, United Nations